When Fishing Boats Go Dark At Sea, They鈥檙e Often Committing Crimes. Here’s Where It’s Happening
The high seas are the modern world鈥檚 Wild West, a vast expanse of water far from oversight and authority where outlaws engage in illegal activities.
In January 2019, the Korean-flagged fishing vessel Oyang 77 sailed south toward international waters off Argentina. The vessel had a known history of nefarious activities, including underreporting its catch and illegally dumping low-value fish to make room in its hold for more lucrative catch.
At 2 a.m. on Jan. 10, the Oyang 77 turned off its location transponder at the edge of Argentina鈥檚 exclusive economic zone 鈥 a political boundary that divides Argentina鈥檚 national waters from international waters, or the high seas. At 9 p.m. on Jan. 11, the Oyang 77 turned its transponder back on and reappeared on the high seas. For the 19 hours when the ship was dark, no information was available about where it had gone or what it did.
In a recent study, I worked with colleagues at , a nonprofit that works to advance ocean governance by increasing transparency of human activity at sea, to show that these periods of missing transponder data actually on where ships go and what they do. And authorities like the can use this missing data to help combat illegal activities at sea, such as overfishing and exploiting workers on fishing boats.
Illegal fishing causes economic losses . It also has been linked to human rights violations, such as and . Better information about how often boats go dark at sea can help governments figure out where and when these activities may be taking place.
Going Dark At Sea
The high seas are the modern world鈥檚 Wild West 鈥 a vast expanse of water far from oversight and authority, where outlaws engage in illegal activities like . Surveillance there is aided by location transponders, called the , or AIS, which works like the .
Just as thieves can turn off phone location tracking, ships can disable their AIS transponders, effectively hiding their activities from oversight. Often it鈥檚 unclear whether going dark in this way is legal. AIS requirements are based on many factors, including vessel size, what country the vessel is flagged to, its location in the ocean and what species its crew is trying to catch.
A ship that disables its AIS transponder of whomever may be watching, including authorities, scientists and other vessels. For our study, we reviewed data from two private companies that combine AIS data with other signals to track assets at sea. is a constellation of nanosatellites that pick up AIS signals to increase visibility of vessels in remote areas of the world. tracks ships, trucks and other heavy equipment using internet-enabled devices. Then, we used machine learning models to understand what drove vessels to disable their AIS devices.
Examining where and how often such episodes occurred between 2017 and 2019, we found that ships disabled their transponders for around 1.6 million hours each year. This represented roughly 6% of global fishing vessel activity, which as a result is not reflected in global tallies of what types of fish are being caught where.
Vessels frequently went dark on the high-seas edge of exclusive economic zone boundaries, which can obscure illegal fishing in unauthorized locations. That鈥檚 what the Oyang 77 was doing in January 2019.
Laundering Illegal Catch
The AIS data we reviewed showed that the Oyang 77 disabled its AIS transponder a total of nine times during January and February 2019. Each time, it went dark at the edge of Argentinean national waters and reappeared several days later back on the high seas.
During the ninth disabling event, the vessel was spotted , where the Argentinean coast guard intercepted it and escorted it to the port of Comodoro Rivadavia. The vessel鈥檚 owners were later fined for illegally fishing in Argentina鈥檚 national waters, and their .
AIS disabling is also strongly correlated with transshipment events 鈥 between fishing vessels and refrigerated cargo vessels, or 鈥渞eefers,鈥 at sea. Reefers also have AIS transponders, and researchers can use their data to , when reefers are in one place long enough to receive cargo from a fishing vessel.
It鈥檚 not unusual to see fishing vessels disable their AIS transponders near loitering reefers, which suggests that they want to hide these transfers from oversight. While transferring people or cargo can be legal, when it is poorly monitored it can become a means of laundering illegal catch. It has been .
Valid Reasons To Turn Off Transponders
Making it illegal for vessels to disable AIS transponders might seem like an obvious solution to this problem. But just as people may have legitimate reasons for not wanting the government to monitor their phones, fishing vessels may have legitimate reasons not to want their movements monitored.
Many vessels disable their transponders in high-quality fishing grounds to hide their activities from competitors. Although the ocean is huge, certain species and fishing methods are highly concentrated. For example, fish by dragging nets along the seafloor and can operate only over continental shelves where the bottom is shallow enough for their gear to reach.
Modern-day pirates also use AIS data to intercept and attack vessels. In response, ships frequently disable their transponders in historically dangerous waters of the and the . Making AIS disabling illegal would leave fishing vessels more vulnerable to piracy.
Instead, in my view, researchers and maritime authorities can use these AIS disabling events to make inferences about which vessels are behaving illegally.
Our study reveals that AIS disabling near exclusive economic zones and loitering reefers is a risk factor for unauthorized fishing and transshipments. At sea, real-time data on where vessels disable their AIS transponders or could be used to focus patrols on illegal activities near political boundaries or in transshipment hot spots. Port authorities could also use this information onshore to target the most suspect vessels for inspection.
President Joe Biden signed a national security memorandum in 2022 pledging U.S. support for and associated labor abuses. Our study points toward a strategy for using phases when ships go dark to fight illegal activities at sea.
, Researcher in Ecosystem Dynamics,
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