How Cities Can Live Through Climate Change With ‘Managed Retreat’
The tactic can take many forms, but the common thread is the idea of retooling cities to withstand climate shocks.
闯耻苍别鈥檚 left more than 40 million Americans sweltering in temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Some places reached 120 F, and energy grids were struggling to keep people cool. More than half the Western U.S. is now in , wildfires are , and hurricane season is off to .
This is , and communities need to be prepared.
Sometimes small adaptations can help reduce the heat or minimize the damage. But when the risks get too high, one strategy that has to be considered is 鈥 the purposeful movement of people, buildings and other infrastructure away from highly hazardous places.
Managed retreat is , particularly in the United States, but it isn鈥檛 just about moving 鈥 it鈥檚 about adapting to change and building communities that are safer, addressing long-overlooked needs and incorporating new technologies and thoughtful design for living and working in today鈥檚 world.
We argue in a new that managed retreat is an opportunity to preserve the essential while redesigning high-risk areas in ways that are better for everyone.
What Managed Retreat Can Look Like
U.S. Marine Corps Gen. Oliver P. Smith famously said of a retreat he led during the Korean War: 鈥.鈥 Like Gen. Smith鈥檚 maneuver, retreat from climate change-related hazards, at its core, is about choosing a new direction.
Managed retreat could involve turning streets into canals in coastal cities. It could mean purchasing and demolishing flood-prone properties to create open spaces for that absorb heavy rains or retention ponds and pumping stations.
In some cases, managed retreat may involve building denser, more affordable housing that鈥檚 designed to stay cool, while leaving open spaces for recreation or agriculture that can also reduce heat and absorb stormwater when needed.
Managing retreat well is challenging. It affects numerous people 鈥 the residents who relocate, their neighbors who remain and the communities where they move 鈥 and each may be affected differently. , relocated its flood-prone business district in the late 1970s and used the opportunity to heat the new buildings with solar energy, earning the nickname 鈥淪olar Village.鈥 The move reinvigorated the local economy, yet while the project is hailed as a success, some residents still miss the old town. For managed retreat to be a viable strategy, relocation plans must not only help people move to safer ground but also meet their needs. This may involve a wide range of social issues, including cultural practices, affordable housing, building codes, land use, jobs, transportation and utilities.
Since high-risk areas are often home to , addressing climate risk in these areas may also require addressing a national legacy of racism, segregation and disinvestment that has put these communities at risk and left many with few choices to address floods, fires and other hazards.
At its simplest, managed retreat can be a lifeline for families who are tired of the emotional and financial stress of rebuilding after floods or fires, but who or don鈥檛 want to sell and put another family at risk.
Talking About Managed Retreat
Even if an individual or community decides not to retreat, thinking critically and talking openly about managed retreat can help people understand why remaining in place is important, and what risks they are willing to face in order to stay.
The losses involved in moving can be obvious, including cost, but there are losses to staying in place, too: physical risk of future hazards, , potential if some residents or businesses leave to find safer ground, and lost opportunities to improve.
If people can articulate why it is important to remain in place, they can make better plans.
Maybe it is important to stay because a building is historic and people want to protect that history. That opens up creative conversations about the ways people have and sites. And it invites others to help , perhaps though oral histories, video records or 3D models.
If people can articulate why it is important to remain in place, they can make better plans.
Maybe it is important for owners to stay because the land has been in the family for generations. That could kick-start conversations with the next generation about their goals for the land, which may include preservation but may also include changes.
Maybe a deep, emotional attachment to a community or home could make a person want to stay. Conversations could focus on moving nearby 鈥 to a new house that鈥檚 safer but still part of the community 鈥 or physically relocating the house to a safer place. It could also mean as long as they want, but that would prevent a new family from moving in and putting their kids at risk.
If staying seems important because the local economy depends on the beach, that could start a conversation about why can be the best way to save the beach and its ecosystem, to prevent walls from narrowing it and to maintain public access without homes on stilts hovering over the tide.
Thinking carefully about what parts of our lives and communities should stay the same opens space to think creatively about what parts should or could change.
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