Measles Outbreaks: The Legal Challenges Of Public Good Vs. Personal Rights
State public health officials have the duty to protect residents from illness and communicable disease, but the requirements must abide by the law.
The measles outbreaks continue to spread, with and requiring people in four ZIP codes to have their children vaccinated or face penalties, including a .
Since September 2018, have been reported in Brooklyn and Queens, mainly in neighborhoods where ultra-Orthodox Jews have chosen to not have their children vaccinated.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said that from Jan. 1 to April 4,聽 have been confirmed in 19 states. This is the second-highest number of cases since the CDC declared measles eliminated in 2000; in 2014, 667 cases occurred.
Cases have still been occurring each year, often brought into the United States from . Officials believe that to be the of the outbreak in Rockland County, New York, where were reported as of April 8.
Rockland public health officials issued a ban that would keep unvaccinated children out of public places, but a judge that on April 5. On April 9, county officials said they would .
But there are limits to what health care providers, public health and can do. It is crucial to consider both the power 鈥 and 鈥 of potential solutions that will provide education, medical care and protection for the public while still upholding principles of informed consent, parental decision-making and sustaining public trust.
As a professor who researches and teaches health law, public health law and medical ethics, I think it鈥檚 worth clarifying what states can or cannot legally do when responding to cases of communicable disease.
A Right To Refuse Medical Care
The law recognizes the right of an individual to refuse medical interventions. Health law has a strong history of recognizing bodily integrity: Adults can choose whether to , even in instances where public health authorities conclude a vaccine would benefit both the individual and society. The Supreme Court has recognized parents鈥 ability to , including consenting or forgoing medical treatment for their child except in very specific circumstances.
In the 1905 case, the Supreme Court upheld a state law delegating power to local health officials mandating that adults receive one smallpox vaccine in the midst of an epidemic or pay a fine (about $130 today). Under the concept of police power, states have a duty to enact laws that promote the health, safety and welfare of its residents. Public health authorities may offer vaccines as a method of prevention, but medical professionals, public health authorities and even courts may not legally compel a person to submit to a vaccine.
The Jacobson decision also set forth limits on police power, yet subsequent cases addressing vaccine mandates discarded these requirements, extending multiple vaccine mandates to school attendance for disease not in circulation and in the absence of an epidemic.
Deferring to respected scientific consensus as a means to justify forced medical interventions in the name of individual benefit and the public good has historically resulted in some of the most egregious constitutional and human rights atrocities in the U.S. The during the eugenics movement is but one example.
The history of science and medicine further demonstrates the fallibility of commonly accepted medical knowledge, such as when Bayer introduced as a safe, non-addictive substitute for morphine, or physicians prescribed Bendectin and to relieve nausea, only to find these medications resulted in babies born with severe birth defects.
Public Good, Personal Rights
The law is also quite clear that public health authorities and law enforcement may place restrictions on a person鈥檚 individual liberty 鈥 including religious liberty 鈥 in situations where a person鈥檚 actions pose a direct, immediate and compelling harm to others, such as using or asserting a nonexistent 鈥渞ight鈥 to when operating a motor vehicle.
In public health law relating to communicable disease, this constitutes a : A person must have a present disease, and this person鈥檚 actions must pose a direct threat to others.
For example, health officials may seek a for a person with active tuberculosis who continues to frequent highly populated public spaces until the person is no longer contagious.
The CDC classifies vaccines as one of the top 10 public health achievements.
Even in such a case, health authorities can offer treatment and limit a person鈥檚 movement to prevent infecting others, but the law does not permit forcibly medicating a competent person against his will.
Accordingly, legal precedent does not support quarantining who have not been exposed to the communicable illness, but would support tailored voluntary isolation and quarantine of persons who have been exposed to, or currently have, the illness.
What Health Officials Can Do To Protect Children
The CDC classifies vaccines as one of the . The vast majority of parents across the U.S. as a whole comply with the state law mandated schedule of vaccines for their children.
Vaccines, like any other FDA-approved product such as a prescription drug or medical device, carry a set of risks and benefits. These calculations vary depending on the vaccine, its efficacy, safety, potential side effects, the severity of the illness the vaccine aims to protect against, and the individual to whom it is administered.
Vaccine science and practice similarly evolved with historical mistakes () and ongoing disputes about risks and benefits for individual vaccines like and .
To promote vaccination for children, health officials may offer educational campaigns and set up free clinics for parents to bring their children. State laws may also mandate vaccines as a condition for school attendance, or require excluding unvaccinated children during an active outbreak at their school.
However, if states offer a religious or nonmedical exemption, courts have been clear that health officials and school officials do not have discretion to require the child鈥檚 parent to identify with an or because this violates the First Amendment.
Harm To Community
Public health professionals worry that parents who forgo vaccination are placing their child and the community at risk. Some have advocated that the state should step in with coercive measures such as eliminating any nonmedical exemptions or intervene by force, such as classifying parents鈥 decision as or .
In my opinion, these strategies rely on a of legal precedent, dismiss longstanding authority of parents to for their children, and threaten to undermine an already .
Cases that uphold state intervention to protect a child by generally require that the child has an illness, the illness is severe and life-threatening, and the risks and benefits of intervening are assessed.
This requires medical professionals and health officials to maintain precision in distinguishing whether the parents are deciding to forgo recommended vaccines, or whether they are refusing medical care for a critically ill child. Indeed, a , demonstrated how a climate of coercion and force may result in parental fear and refusal to constructively engage with state officials for even an ill child.
State public health officials have the duty to protect residents from illness and communicable disease, but these strategies must fall within appropriate legal parameters. Dismissing these legal boundaries or justifying unnecessary force not only , but in my view fuels parental and community distrust of health officials and sets back the ultimate goals of protecting the public.
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