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As tech companies and automakers, cheered on by the federal government, race to test and promote autonomous vehicles, several surveys show that most motorists don’t want to drive, ride in or be on the road anywhere near them.

What’s more, as development efforts pick up steam, the level of public skepticism seems to be mounting.

In the latest federal effort to encourage driverless vehicles, the  announced a largely hands-off strategy for testing them on public roads. The voluntary guidelines came just days after  approved legislation to allow testing of thousands of the robot cars on public roads over the next several years. Senate action is still pending.

The driving public, however, appears far more cautious, according to a string of studies by organizations including , Kelley Blue Book, J.D. Power, the  and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In May,  declared that “comfort or trust in full automation appears to be declining” after “numerous strides and setbacks … on the path to highly automated vehicles.”

Over time, MIT reported, the reality of autonomous vehicles has begun sinking in with the development of self-driving Tesla hardware and hands-free highway driving for 2018 Cadillacs – and such cautionary tales as the May 2016 death of a motorist using Tesla’s “Autopilot” system that steered his car into a tractor-trailer truck in Florida.

In the latest MIT AgeLab survey, a mere 13 percent of motorists said they would feel comfortable with features that fully released them of all control of their vehicles – down from nearly 25 percent the previous year.

Trust Is Declining

The findings mirrored those in a larger 2017 study by , which showed declining trust in automated technology among “Gen Z consumers” (born from 1995 to 2004) and “Pre-Boomers” (born before 1946).

“In most cases, as technology concepts get closer to becoming reality, consumer curiosity and acceptance increase,” said Kristin Kolodge, executive director of driver interaction research at J.D. Power, when the study was released in April. “With autonomous vehicles … the level of trust is declining.”

But Kolodge said this could change: “As features like adaptive cruise control, automatic braking and blind-spot warning systems become mainstream, car buyers will gain more confidence in taking their hands off the steering wheel.”

The AAA reports a similar sense of wariness: More than three-quarters of Americans are afraid to ride in a self-driving vehicle, according to a national survey this year.

Last year,  reported that 80 percent of people surveyed said they should always have the option to drive their vehicles and two-thirds said they preferred to be in full control of their car at all times.

And in August, the research firm  released a survey showing that more than half of respondents in the U.S. and Germany would not consider riding in a fully autonomous vehicle.

“Fear of autonomous vehicles getting confused by unexpected situations, safety concerns around equipment and system failures and vehicle and system security are top concerns around using fully autonomous vehicles,” said Gartner research director Mike Ramsey.

One of the few outliers was a survey by the , a leading trade group which last year released a poll showing that 70 percent of U.S. consumers want to try out an autonomous car. The association represents 2,200 companies in the consumer electronics industry, some with a stake in the development of self-driving cars.

Technology association spokesman Tyler Suiters said in an email to FairWarning that his  “asked about interest in the benefits that self-driving cars will deliver, and interest in test driving and owning” a self-driving car.

���� from the association to federal transportation officials attacked proposed federal guidelines aimed at reducing driver distraction from electronic devices. But its leaders also suggested, “The risk of distracted driving may one day entirely be eliminated by increasingly automated vehicles and, ultimately, self-driving cars.”

On Tuesday, in issuing  for testing driverless cars, Transportation Secretary Elaine L. Chao said the new technology could help reduce the annual toll of about 40,000 U.S. traffic deaths that mainly result from human error.

Lack Of ‘System Safeguards’

Also this week, the  on the deadly May 2016 Tesla crash in Florida. NTSB Chairman Robert L. Sumwalt III blamed the “driver’s inattention” and said that “system safeguards, that should have prevented the Tesla’s driver from using the car’s automation system on certain roadways, were lacking.”

“While automation in highway transportation has the potential to save tens of thousands of lives, until that potential is fully realized, people still need to safely drive their vehicles,” Sumwalt said.

These findings are more critical of Tesla than those of , which in January declared there was no specific safety-related defect in the Tesla technology.

This week a consumer group, , criticized what it called “a hands-off approach to hands-free driving,” saying that the Tesla case underscores the need for a tougher regulatory approach.

By merely issuing voluntary guidelines, federal authorities are dodging their responsibilities, said Cathy Chase, vice president of governmental affairs for the Advocates group. “The Tesla crash, sadly, will likely be just the first example demonstrating why the federal government needs to give AV [autonomous vehicle] manufacturers clear rules and regulations as they roll out this new technology into the marketplace.”

This story was produced by  a nonprofit news organization based in Pasadena, California, that focuses on public health, consumer and environmental issues.